Borderlands of housing neighbourhoods as residual or liminal spaces: Comparative study of cases in Budapest

This paper aims to analyse and classify urban borderlands. The formation of boundaries is influenced by natural, infrastructural, property (social), design principles. Based on the categorisation residual space, spatial configurations three regular homogeneous residential areas (historical, socialist-modern, contemporary) in Budapest are presented combining a quantitative qualitative approach. role presence their city explored through map-based SpaceSyntax analysis. In addition, attributes ? such as lost neglected liminal border vacuums introduced based literature fieldwork. objective this research draw attention under-represented under-managed situations, order better understand impacts borderlands use space creating segregation. Moreover, post-socialist cities like Budapest, analysis these spaces crucial for further complex successful development.